Here are a few examples to help you cite your sources in MLA format:
Format: Author(s). Title of Book in Italics. Edition, Publisher, Year. Database Name in Italics. (if electronic), URL.
*Note: if using a print book, skip the database name.
Format: Author(s). "Title of Part." Title of Book, edited by Editor, edition, vol. #, Publisher, Year, page number(s). Database Name (if electronic), URL.
Format: Author(s). "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. #, no. #, Date of Publication, page number(s). Database Name (if electronic), URL.
Format: Author(s). “Title of Article.” Title of Website in Italics, Website Publisher (if different than title), Date of publication, URL.
*Note: Exclude publisher if title of website and publisher are the same.
*Note: If website does not have a date, add an access date at the end after the URL: Accessed 7 May 2016.
*Note: Do not include the http:// or https:// in the URL.
Use this format If your entire textbook is available for free in D2L. If there is a link in D2L that goes to an outside website or if you use an access code to pay for access to your textbook, then you'd use a different format.
This format differs from the PDF in D2L citation because textbooks often have publication information such as editors, editions, and publishers to include. Most often these are textbooks written or compiled by your instructor specifically for the course (OER textbooks).
Format: Author(s). Title of Textbook in Italics. Edited by Editor, edition, Publisher, Year. Learning Management System Name in Italics(if electronic), URL.
*Note: If using a print version of the textbook, skip the Learning Management System (D2L Brightspace) and URL
*Note: If your instructor wrote the textbook, they are the author. If your instructor only compiled information from other sources and/or edited it, then they are the editor (and you'll probably not have a author).
*Note: Capitalize the first letter of the word that comes after the title of the book, skipping any information you don't have.
Print Example 1: Lit Wit: ENG 102 OER Textbook. Edited by Patricia Jordan, 2nd ed., Spartanburg Community College, 2022.
Print Example 2: Professional Communication: English 165. Edited by Ember Smith, Spartanburg Community College. Accessed Fall 2024.
Print Example 3: Biology 101 Lab Manual: Customized Manual. Spartanburg Community College, 2023.
Online Example: Composition Basics. Edited by Patricia Jordan, 3rd ed., Spartanburg Community College, 2023. D2L Brightspace, d2l.sccsc.edu/d2l/le/content/909183/viewContent/8746820/View.
*Note: You can usually omit the http:// unless needed to hyperlink.
*Note: For URLs longer than 3 lines, you can shorten the URL. Always retain the host (main website) of the URL.
To cite a chapter or section of any of the about formats, add the title of that chapter/section and page numbers to your citation as you would citing part of any other book. This includes citing short stories, poems, plays, etc. within a larger book. See Citing Part of a Book for more information and examples.
Format: Author(s) of Part. "Title of Part." Title of Textbook in Italics, edited by Editor, edition, Publisher, Year, page number(s). Learning Management System Name in Italics(if electronic), URL.
*Note: If using a print version of the textbook, skip the Learning Management System (D2L Brightspace) and URL
*Note: If your instructor wrote the textbook, they are the author. If your instructor only compiled information from other sources and/or edited it, then they are the editor.
*Note: Capitalize the first letter of the word that comes after the title of the book, skipping any information you don't have.
*Note: Titles of plays are italicized rather than put in quotation marks.
Print Example: Chopin, Kate. "The Story of an Hour." Lit Wit: ENG 102 OER Textbook, edited by Patricia Jordan, 2nd ed., Spartanburg Community College, 2022, pp. 85-86.
Online Example: "Chapter Thirteen: The Research Process." Composition Basics, edited by Patricia Jordan, 3rd ed., Spartanburg Community College, 2023, pp. 85-86. D2L Brightspace, d2l.sccsc.edu/d2l/le/content/909183/viewContent/8746820/View.
*Note: You can usually omit the http:// unless needed to hyperlink.
*Note: For URLs longer than 3 lines, you can shorten the URL. Always retain the host (main website) of the URL.
This in-text citation information will get you started, but see our full In-text Citation Guide for more information and additional examples.
Place the author’s last name and page number in parenthesis. If the in-text citation is at the end of a sentence, place the period outside the parenthesis.
Example 1: (Hennessy 81).
Example 2: (Hennessy 81-82).
If a source has no page numbers, omit the page number. Keep in mind, most electronic sources do not include pages.
Example 1: ("Everyday Victims").
Example 2: (Jones).
If a source has numbered paragraphs instead of having page numbers or if your instructor requires it, give the paragraph number in your in-text citation. Use par. or pars. in front of the number to indicate paragraphs. You can also do this with numbered sections or lines. If your in-text citation includes the author/title, use a comma to separate that information from the paragraph numbers.
Example 1: (Jones, pars. 112-113).
Example 2: ("Everyday Victims," par. 45).
Note: Some SCC Instructors require you to use paragraph numbers for sources that do not provide page numbers even if the paragraphs aren't specifically numbered. If the paragraphs aren't numbered, count from the top of the article and use that number. Always follow your instructor's requirements.
If the source has no author, your in-text citation will use the title of the source that starts your works cited entry. The title may appear in the sentence itself or, abbreviated, before the page number in parenthesis.
Example 1: (“Noon” 508).
Example 2: (Faulkner’s Novels 25).
Example 3: (“Climate Model Simulations").
If the entry on the Works Cited page begins with the names of two authors, include both last names in the in-text citation, connected by and.
Example: (Dorris and Erdrich 23).
If the source has three or more authors, include the first author’s last name followed by et al.
Example: (Burdick et al. 42).
A note for in-text citations: If you have multiple articles on your Works Cited page with no authors that also have the same titles, use the next part of the citation to differentiate the sources in-text. This could be the database name or the name of the book or encyclopedia (or journal or website) that your article came from. You can shorten longer titles as long as it's clear which citation on your works cited page the in-text is referring to. See the examples below:
Works Cited 1: "China." CultureGrams, ProQuest, 2021.
Works Cited 2: "China." Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, edited by M.S. Hill, 14th ed., vol. 4, Gale, 2017, pp. 143-180. Global Issues in Context, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3652100183/GIC?u=spartechcl&sid=bookmark-GIC&xid=8b353e62.
In-Text 1: ("China," CultureGrams).
In-Text 2: ("China," Worldmark Encyclopedia).
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